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'''Application Challenge AC2-09'''   © copyright ERCOFTAC {{CURRENTYEAR}}  
'''Application Challenge AC2-09'''   © copyright ERCOFTAC {{CURRENTYEAR}}  
==Introduction==  
==Introduction==  
Sandia flame D [1] (shown in Fig.1) is a widely used  test  case  for
Sandia flame D<ref name='ref1'>'''Barlow  R.S.,  Frank  J.H.''',  "Effects  of  turbulence  on  species  mass fractions  in  methane/air  jet  flames",  Twenty-Seventh  Symposium  on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, pp. 1087-195, 1998</ref>
(shown in Fig.1) is a widely used  test  case  for
validation of numerical models of  non-premixed  combustion.  The  fuel
validation of numerical models of  non-premixed  combustion.  The  fuel
stream is composed of 25% methane (CH4) and 75% air. The pilot flame is
stream is composed of 25% methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and 75% air. The pilot flame is
a lean mixture of C2H2, H2, air, CO2 and  N2 with  the  same  nominal
a lean mixture of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>,
air, CO<sub>2</sub> and  N<sub>2</sub> with  the  same  nominal
enthalpy and equilibrium as methane/air at the equivalence ratio  0.77.
enthalpy and equilibrium as methane/air at the equivalence ratio  0.77.
Partial premixing with air also reduces the flame length and produces a
Partial premixing with air also reduces the flame length and produces a
more robust flame than pure CH4 or nitrogen-diluted CH4.  Consequently,
more robust flame than pure CH<sub>4</sub> or nitrogen-diluted CH<sub>4</sub>.  Consequently,
the flames may be operated at  reasonably  high  Reynolds  number  with
the flames may be operated at  reasonably  high  Reynolds  number  with
little or no local extinction, even with a  modest  pilot.  The  mixing
little or no local extinction, even with a  modest  pilot.  The  mixing
rates are high enough that these flames burn as diffusion flames,  with
rates are high enough that these flames burn as diffusion flames,  with
a single reaction zone near the stoichiometric mixture fraction and  no
a single reaction zone near the stoichiometric mixture fraction and  no
indication of significant premixed reaction in  the  fuel-rich  CH4/air
indication of significant premixed reaction in  the  fuel-rich  CH<sub>4</sub>/air
mixtures. Flame D (Re=22400) has a small degree of local extinction. It
mixtures. Flame D (Re=22400) has a small degree of local extinction. It
can be assumed that the Flame D operates  in  a  flamelet  regime  that
can be assumed that the Flame D operates  in  a  flamelet  regime  that
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Focusing on the LES approach to the Sandia Flame D, one of the  first
Focusing on the LES approach to the Sandia Flame D, one of the  first
3D-LES of this flame type was presented by di Mare and  Jones  in  1999
3D-LES of this flame type was presented by di Mare and  Jones  in  1999<ref name='ref2'>Proceedings  of  the  TNF  Workshop,  Sandia  National  Laboratories, Livermore, CA, available from http://www.ca.sandia.gov/TNF.</ref>
[2] who  applied  simple  steady  flamelet  model.  Then  a  simplified
who  applied  simple  steady  flamelet  model.  Then  a  simplified
Conditional Moment  Closure  (CMC)  with  the  Conditional  Source-term
Conditional Moment  Closure  (CMC)  with  the  Conditional  Source-term
Estimation (CSE) proposed by Steiner and Bushe [3] was tested  also  on
Estimation (CSE) proposed by Steiner and Bushe<ref name='ref3'>'''Steiner H., Bushe W.K.''', "Large eddy simulation of a  turbulent  reacting jet with conditional source-term estimation", Phys.&nbsp;Fluids,&nbsp;Vol.&nbsp;12,&nbsp;No.&nbsp;3,&nbsp;2001</ref>
was tested  also  on
Sandia D. Very convincing results using  unsteady-flamelet  model  were
Sandia D. Very convincing results using  unsteady-flamelet  model  were
obtained by Pitsch and  Steiner  [4]. More  recently  the  Conditional
obtained by Pitsch and  Steiner<ref name='ref4'>'''Pitsch H., Steiner H.''', "Large eddy simulation of  a  turbulent  piloted methane/air diffusion flame (Sandia flame D)", Phys.&nbsp;Fluids,&nbsp;Vol.&nbsp;12,&nbsp;No.&nbsp;10,&nbsp;2000</ref>.
More  recently  the  Conditional
Moment  Closure  equations  in  the  context  of  LES  filtration  were
Moment  Closure  equations  in  the  context  of  LES  filtration  were
formulated by Navarro-Martinez et al. [5] and  full  CMC  approach  was
formulated by Navarro-Martinez ''et&nbsp;al.''<ref name='ref5'>'''Navarro-Martinez S., Kronenburg A., di Mare  F.''',  "Conditional  Moment Closure for Large Eddy Simulations", Flow, Turbulence and Combustion,&nbsp;75,&nbsp;2005</ref>
and  full  CMC  approach  was
validated using Sandia D flame. The LES-CMC approach was  also  applied
validated using Sandia D flame. The LES-CMC approach was  also  applied
by Garmory and Mastorakos [6] for Sandia D and F  Flames.  The  results
by Garmory and Mastorakos<ref name='ref6'>'''Garmory A., Mastorakos E.''', "Capturing localized extinction in Sandia Flame F with LES-CMC", Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,&nbsp;33,&nbsp;1673-1680,&nbsp;2011</ref> for Sandia D and F  Flames.  The  results
were very good for Sandia D Flame, however,  application  of  the  same
were very good for Sandia D Flame, however,  application  of  the  same
settings to Sandia F Flame resulted in underprediction of the extent of
settings to Sandia F Flame resulted in underprediction of the extent of
local extinction. The LES with steady flamelet for Sandia  D  was  also
local extinction. The LES with steady flamelet for Sandia  D  was  also
exploited by Kempf et al. [7] to study the  structure  of  a  diffusion
exploited by Kempf&nbsp;''et&nbsp;al.''<ref name='ref7'>'''Kempf A., Flemming F., Janicka  J.''', "Investigation of lengthscale, scalar dissipation and flame orientation in a piloted diffusion flame by LES", Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,&nbsp;30,&nbsp;2005</ref>
to study the  structure  of  a  diffusion
flame  in  terms  of  length  scales,  scalar  dissipation  and  flame
flame  in  terms  of  length  scales,  scalar  dissipation  and  flame
orientation. A new premixed flamelet approach based on  two  additional
orientation. A new premixed flamelet approach based on  two  additional
equations for the mixture fraction and for the  progress  variable  was
equations for the mixture fraction and for the  progress  variable  was
proposed by Vreman et al. [8]. This in principle universal concept  was
proposed by Vreman&nbsp;''et&nbsp;al.''<ref name='ref8'>'''Vreman A.W., van Oijen J.A., de Goey L.P.H., Bastiaans  R.J.M.''', "Subgrid Scale Modeling in Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion Using Premixed Flamelet Chemistry", Flow, Turbulence  and  Combustion,&nbsp;2008</ref>.
This in principle universal concept  was
validated on both premixed  preheated  Bunsen  flame  and  non-premixed
validated on both premixed  preheated  Bunsen  flame  and  non-premixed
Sandia Flame D. The flamelet/progress variable model was  also  applied
Sandia Flame D. The flamelet/progress variable model was  also  applied
by Ihme and Pitsch [9,10] and used to predict extinction and reignition
by Ihme and Pitsch<ref name='ref9'>'''Ihme M., Pitsch  H.''', "Prediction of extinction and reignition in nonpremixed turbulent flames using a flamelet/progress  variable  model 1. A priori study and presumed PDF closure"</ref><ref name='ref10'>'''Ihme M., Pitsch H.''', "Prediction of extinction and reignition in nonpremixed turbulent flames using a flamelet/progress  variable  model 2. Application in LES of Sandia flames D and E", Combustion and Flame,&nbsp;155,&nbsp;2008</ref>
in Sandia Flames D and E.  The concept of Steiner and Bushe [3] of  the
and used to predict extinction and reignition
in Sandia Flames D and E.  The concept of Steiner and Bushe<ref name='ref3'/> of  the
Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) was again applied by  Ferraris
Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) was again applied by  Ferraris
and Wen [11] with some modifications reducing the number  of  flamelets
and Wen<ref name='ref11'>'''Ferraris S.A., Wen J.X.''', "LES of the Sandia Flame D Using Laminar Flamelet Decomposition for Conditional  Source-Term  Estimation", Flow, Turbulence and Combustion,&nbsp;81,&nbsp;2008</ref>
with some modifications reducing the number  of  flamelets
and  again  validated  on  Sandia  D.  The  models  based  on  LES  and
and  again  validated  on  Sandia  D.  The  models  based  on  LES  and
transported PDF/FDF approach were also applied and validated using this
transported PDF/FDF approach were also applied and validated using this
flame. One of the first woks of this type was proposed by  Sheikhi  et.
flame. One of the first woks of this type was proposed by  Sheikhi&nbsp;''et&nbsp;al.''<ref name='ref12'>'''Sheikhi M.R.H., Drozda T.H., Givi P., Jaberi F.A., Pope S.B.''', "Large eddy simulation of turbulent nonpremixed piloted methane jet flame (Sandia Flame D)", Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,&nbsp;30,&nbsp;2005</ref>.
al. [12]. Bisetti and Chen [13] tested various mixing models using  LES
Bisetti and Chen<ref name='ref13'>'''Bisetti F., Chen J.-Y.''', "LES of Sandia Flame D with Eulerian PDF and Finite-Rate Chemistry", 2005 Fall Meeting Western States Combustion Institute, Stanford, CA, October&nbsp;17-18,&nbsp;2005. Paper 05F-33. Available at http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpl/cm/BisettiWSSF05</ref>
and Eulerian PDF method. Jones and Prasad [14] performed  calculations
tested various mixing models using  LES
and Eulerian PDF method. Jones and Prasad<ref name='ref14'>'''Jones W.P., Prasad V.N.''', "Large Eddy Simulation of the Sandia Flame Series (D-F) using the Eulerian stochastic field method", Combustion and Flame,&nbsp;157,&nbsp;2010</ref>
performed  calculations
for Sandia Flame D,E and F with LES and the Eulerian  stochastic  field
for Sandia Flame D,E and F with LES and the Eulerian  stochastic  field
method showing ability of the model to reproduce local  extinction  and
method showing ability of the model to reproduce local  extinction  and
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[[Image:AC2-09_fig1a.jpg]][[Image:AC2-09_fig1b.jpg]]
[[Image:AC2-09_fig1a.jpg]][[Image:AC2-09_fig1b.jpg]]
<br/>
<br/>
'''Fig.1. Sandia flame D - view of the flame (left); zoom of the vicinity of the nozzle (right)'''
'''Fig.1:''' Sandia flame D - view of the flame (left); zoom of the vicinity of the nozzle (right)
</center>
</center>


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comprehensive manner due to the availability  of  quantities  carefully
comprehensive manner due to the availability  of  quantities  carefully
measured.  The  scalar  measurements  include:  Raman/Rayleigh/LIF
measured.  The  scalar  measurements  include:  Raman/Rayleigh/LIF
measurements of F, T, N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>,
measurements of ''&eta;'', ''T'', N<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>,
CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub>, CO, OH,  and  NO  were
CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O, H<sub>2</sub>, CO, OH,  and  NO  were
obtained with a spatial resolution of 0.75 mm.  Results  include  axial
obtained with a spatial resolution of 0.75 mm.  Results  include  axial
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component and mixture fraction radial profiles have  their  maximum  at
component and mixture fraction radial profiles have  their  maximum  at
the flow axis. As quantitative measure of the profile  the  half-radius
the flow axis. As quantitative measure of the profile  the  half-radius
<math>{U(r_{1/2})=U(0)/2}</math> can be taken.
<math>{\left.U(r_{1/2})=U(0)/2\right.}</math> can be taken.
By contrast, the  fluctuating  components  of  the
By contrast, the  fluctuating  components  of  the
axial velocity component and mixture fraction have  their  maximum  off
axial velocity component and mixture fraction have  their  maximum  off
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vertical wind tunnel exit is shown in Fig.2. The flame is unconfined.
vertical wind tunnel exit is shown in Fig.2. The flame is unconfined.


{|
 
|+ BURNER DIMENSIONS
{|align="center"
| Main jet inner diameter, d||=||7.2 mm
|+ '''BURNER DIMENSIONS'''
|Main jet inner diameter, ''d''||=||7.2 mm
|-
|-
| Pilot flame annulus inner diameter||=||7.7 mm (wall thickness = 0.25 mm)
|Pilot flame annulus inner diameter||=||7.7 mm (wall thickness = 0.25 mm)
|-
|-
| Pilot flame annulus outer diameter||=||18.2 mm
|Pilot flame annulus outer diameter||=||18.2 mm
|-
|-
| Burner outer wall diameter||=||18.9 mm (wall thickness = 0.35 mm)
|Burner outer wall diameter||=||18.9 mm (wall thickness = 0.35 mm)
|-
|-
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|-
|-
| Wind tunnel exit||=||30x30 cm
|Wind tunnel exit||=||30x30 cm
|}
|}
<center>[[Image:AC2-09_fig2.gif]]</center>
<center>
[[Image:AC2-09_fig2.gif|700px]]
 
'''Fig 2:''' Scheme of the flow domain geometry
</center>


==Flow Physics and Fluid Dynamics Data==  
==Flow Physics and Fluid Dynamics Data==  
<!--{{Demo_AC_Desc_Phys}}-->
The Sandia D Flame can be characterized as a low Mach number flow  with
high  density  differences  due  to  combustion.  The  jet  flame  is
characterized by <math>{\left.Re=U_{bulk}\nu/D\right.}</math>
 
(&nbsp;<math>\left.U_{bulk}\right.</math> - fuel main jet bulk velocity, <math>\left.\nu\right.</math> - fuel
main jet kinematic viscosity, <math>\left.D\right.</math> - main jet inner diameter&nbsp;).
 
The fuel bulk velocity was&nbsp;49 m/s. The inlet parabolic profile had
a maximum at the centre of the fuel nozzle of <math>{\left.U_{max}\right.}</math>= 62&nbsp;m/s
and 40&nbsp;m/s at  the
border of the fuel nozzle. The inlet turbulence at the  centre  of  the
fuel nozzle was <math>\left.u'\right.</math>&nbsp;=&nbsp;2&nbsp;m/s and 6&nbsp;m/s at the nozzle border.
 
The pilot flame bulk velocity <math>\left.U_{pilot}\right.</math>&nbsp;=&nbsp;11.4&nbsp;m/s.
 
The pilot flame burns a premixture of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>,
air, CO<sub>2</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub> having
nominally the same equilibrium composition and enthalpy as CH<sub>4</sub>/air. The
pilot is operated lean, equivalence ratio <math>\left.\Phi\right.</math>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.77,
and the flow  rate  is
scaled to maintain the pilot at ~6% of the power of the main flame. The
burner exit was positioned approximately 15 cm above the  exit  of  the
vertical wind tunnel.
 
The coflow  velocity <math>\left.U_{cfl}\right.</math> = 0.9 m/s.
 
==References==
<references/>
<br/>
<br/>
----
----
{{ACContribs
{{ACContribs
| authors=Andrzej Boguslawski
|authors=Andrzej Boguslawski, Artur Tyliszczak
| organisation=Technical University of Częstochowa
|organisation=Częstochowa University of Technology
}}
}}
{{ACHeader
{{ACHeader
Line 163: Line 206:
|number=09
|number=09
}}
}}


© copyright ERCOFTAC {{CURRENTYEAR}}
 
© copyright ERCOFTAC 2011

Latest revision as of 15:41, 11 February 2017

Front Page

Description

Test Data

CFD Simulations

Evaluation

Best Practice Advice

SANDIA Flame D

Application Challenge AC2-09   © copyright ERCOFTAC 2024

Introduction

Sandia flame D[1] (shown in Fig.1) is a widely used test case for validation of numerical models of non-premixed combustion. The fuel stream is composed of 25% methane (CH4) and 75% air. The pilot flame is a lean mixture of C2H2, H2, air, CO2 and N2 with the same nominal enthalpy and equilibrium as methane/air at the equivalence ratio 0.77. Partial premixing with air also reduces the flame length and produces a more robust flame than pure CH4 or nitrogen-diluted CH4. Consequently, the flames may be operated at reasonably high Reynolds number with little or no local extinction, even with a modest pilot. The mixing rates are high enough that these flames burn as diffusion flames, with a single reaction zone near the stoichiometric mixture fraction and no indication of significant premixed reaction in the fuel-rich CH4/air mixtures. Flame D (Re=22400) has a small degree of local extinction. It can be assumed that the Flame D operates in a flamelet regime that means there is a scale separation between turbulence length and time scales and the scales characterizing the combustion process. Despite that the Sandia D Flame is not a demanding test case it seems to be worth to study various combustion/turbulence interaction models on this example as a starting point to more complex flame with local extinction and reignition. As an Application Challenge such a flame facilitates to study models of turbulence/chemistry interaction allowing to separate the influence of turbulence and turbulence/chemistry interaction models from the influence of chemical kinetics applied.

Focusing on the LES approach to the Sandia Flame D, one of the first 3D-LES of this flame type was presented by di Mare and Jones in 1999[2] who applied simple steady flamelet model. Then a simplified Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) with the Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) proposed by Steiner and Bushe[3] was tested also on Sandia D. Very convincing results using unsteady-flamelet model were obtained by Pitsch and Steiner[4]. More recently the Conditional Moment Closure equations in the context of LES filtration were formulated by Navarro-Martinez et al.[5] and full CMC approach was validated using Sandia D flame. The LES-CMC approach was also applied by Garmory and Mastorakos[6] for Sandia D and F Flames. The results were very good for Sandia D Flame, however, application of the same settings to Sandia F Flame resulted in underprediction of the extent of local extinction. The LES with steady flamelet for Sandia D was also exploited by Kempf et al.[7] to study the structure of a diffusion flame in terms of length scales, scalar dissipation and flame orientation. A new premixed flamelet approach based on two additional equations for the mixture fraction and for the progress variable was proposed by Vreman et al.[8]. This in principle universal concept was validated on both premixed preheated Bunsen flame and non-premixed Sandia Flame D. The flamelet/progress variable model was also applied by Ihme and Pitsch[9][10] and used to predict extinction and reignition in Sandia Flames D and E. The concept of Steiner and Bushe[3] of the Conditional Source-term Estimation (CSE) was again applied by Ferraris and Wen[11] with some modifications reducing the number of flamelets and again validated on Sandia D. The models based on LES and transported PDF/FDF approach were also applied and validated using this flame. One of the first woks of this type was proposed by Sheikhi et al.[12]. Bisetti and Chen[13] tested various mixing models using LES and Eulerian PDF method. Jones and Prasad[14] performed calculations for Sandia Flame D,E and F with LES and the Eulerian stochastic field method showing ability of the model to reproduce local extinction and reignition

Within the current Application Challenge attention is focused on the LES calculation only and neither RANS nor URANS predictions are analyzed.

AC2-09 fig1a.jpgAC2-09 fig1b.jpg
Fig.1: Sandia flame D - view of the flame (left); zoom of the vicinity of the nozzle (right)



Relevance to Industrial Sector

The Sandia D flame should be considered as general, very well documented non-premixed flame in the regime with little or no extinction. The CFD models the competency of which was judged with this AC can successfully be applied in industrial applications with similar Reynolds number in aeroengine combustion chambers or large scale furnaces in which due to safety reasons non-premixed flames are widely used. CFD models can be verified with the Sandia D flame in a comprehensive manner due to the availability of quantities carefully measured. The scalar measurements include: Raman/Rayleigh/LIF measurements of η, T, N2, O2, CH4, CO2, H2O, H2, CO, OH, and NO were obtained with a spatial resolution of 0.75 mm. Results include axial profiles in each flame (x/d = 5, 10, 15, ... , 80), radial profiles (x/d = 1, 2, 3, 7.5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75). The measurements contain mean and fluctuating component scalar distributions. Moreover, measurements were performed for the velocity and temperature mean and fluctuating component fields. The measurements allow a verification of the turbulence model, the turbulence/combustion interaction model as well as the chemical kinetics relations applied.

Design or Assessment Parameters

An important parameter for CFD model validation of a non-premixed flame is the temperature profile along the jet flame axis. A characteristic feature of this profile is the maximum temperature i.e. its value and location.

The profiles of mean mixture fraction, mean mass fractions of methane and oxygen along the jet flame axis are characterized by a certain distance from the nozzle outlet over which the mass fraction of methane and oxygen remain constant showing the flame zone boundary. The same refers to water vapor and carbon dioxide. This distance can also be treated as DOAP.

The intermediate species taking part in the reaction steps such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide are characterized by the local maximum of the mean mass fraction profiles. The value of the maximum and its location is taken into account in CFD model validation.

Considering the fluctuating components of all parameters mentioned above, all are characterized by a local maximum so their value and location are also DOAPs.

For verification of the CFD results also the radial profiles at chosen cross sections should be used as DOAP. The mean axial velocity component and mixture fraction radial profiles have their maximum at the flow axis. As quantitative measure of the profile the half-radius can be taken. By contrast, the fluctuating components of the axial velocity component and mixture fraction have their maximum off the jet flame axis, and the value of the maximum and its location are taken as DOAP.

Flow Domain Geometry

Schematic view on the main and pilot burners located 15 cm above the vertical wind tunnel exit is shown in Fig.2. The flame is unconfined.


BURNER DIMENSIONS
Main jet inner diameter, d = 7.2 mm
Pilot flame annulus inner diameter = 7.7 mm (wall thickness = 0.25 mm)
Pilot flame annulus outer diameter = 18.2 mm
Burner outer wall diameter = 18.9 mm (wall thickness = 0.35 mm)
 
Wind tunnel exit = 30x30 cm

AC2-09 fig2.gif

Fig 2: Scheme of the flow domain geometry

Flow Physics and Fluid Dynamics Data

The Sandia D Flame can be characterized as a low Mach number flow with high density differences due to combustion. The jet flame is characterized by

(  - fuel main jet bulk velocity, - fuel main jet kinematic viscosity, - main jet inner diameter ).

The fuel bulk velocity was 49 m/s. The inlet parabolic profile had a maximum at the centre of the fuel nozzle of = 62 m/s and 40 m/s at the border of the fuel nozzle. The inlet turbulence at the centre of the fuel nozzle was  = 2 m/s and 6 m/s at the nozzle border.

The pilot flame bulk velocity  = 11.4 m/s.

The pilot flame burns a premixture of C2H2, H2, air, CO2, and N2 having nominally the same equilibrium composition and enthalpy as CH4/air. The pilot is operated lean, equivalence ratio  = 0.77, and the flow rate is scaled to maintain the pilot at ~6% of the power of the main flame. The burner exit was positioned approximately 15 cm above the exit of the vertical wind tunnel.

The coflow velocity = 0.9 m/s.

References

  1. ↑ Barlow R.S., Frank J.H., "Effects of turbulence on species mass fractions in methane/air jet flames", Twenty-Seventh Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, pp. 1087-195, 1998
  2. ↑ Proceedings of the TNF Workshop, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, available from http://www.ca.sandia.gov/TNF.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Steiner H., Bushe W.K., "Large eddy simulation of a turbulent reacting jet with conditional source-term estimation", Phys. Fluids, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2001
  4. ↑ Pitsch H., Steiner H., "Large eddy simulation of a turbulent piloted methane/air diffusion flame (Sandia flame D)", Phys. Fluids, Vol. 12, No. 10, 2000
  5. ↑ Navarro-Martinez S., Kronenburg A., di Mare F., "Conditional Moment Closure for Large Eddy Simulations", Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 75, 2005
  6. ↑ Garmory A., Mastorakos E., "Capturing localized extinction in Sandia Flame F with LES-CMC", Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 33, 1673-1680, 2011
  7. ↑ Kempf A., Flemming F., Janicka J., "Investigation of lengthscale, scalar dissipation and flame orientation in a piloted diffusion flame by LES", Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 30, 2005
  8. ↑ Vreman A.W., van Oijen J.A., de Goey L.P.H., Bastiaans R.J.M., "Subgrid Scale Modeling in Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion Using Premixed Flamelet Chemistry", Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 2008
  9. ↑ Ihme M., Pitsch H., "Prediction of extinction and reignition in nonpremixed turbulent flames using a flamelet/progress variable model 1. A priori study and presumed PDF closure"
  10. ↑ Ihme M., Pitsch H., "Prediction of extinction and reignition in nonpremixed turbulent flames using a flamelet/progress variable model 2. Application in LES of Sandia flames D and E", Combustion and Flame, 155, 2008
  11. ↑ Ferraris S.A., Wen J.X., "LES of the Sandia Flame D Using Laminar Flamelet Decomposition for Conditional Source-Term Estimation", Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 81, 2008
  12. ↑ Sheikhi M.R.H., Drozda T.H., Givi P., Jaberi F.A., Pope S.B., "Large eddy simulation of turbulent nonpremixed piloted methane jet flame (Sandia Flame D)", Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 30, 2005
  13. ↑ Bisetti F., Chen J.-Y., "LES of Sandia Flame D with Eulerian PDF and Finite-Rate Chemistry", 2005 Fall Meeting Western States Combustion Institute, Stanford, CA, October 17-18, 2005. Paper 05F-33. Available at http://repositories.cdlib.org/cpl/cm/BisettiWSSF05
  14. ↑ Jones W.P., Prasad V.N., "Large Eddy Simulation of the Sandia Flame Series (D-F) using the Eulerian stochastic field method", Combustion and Flame, 157, 2010



Contributed by: Andrzej Boguslawski, Artur Tyliszczak — Częstochowa University of Technology

Front Page

Description

Test Data

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Evaluation

Best Practice Advice


© copyright ERCOFTAC 2011

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