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'''Application Challenge AC7-01'''   © copyright ERCOFTAC 2019
'''Application Challenge AC7-01'''   © copyright ERCOFTAC 2019
=Test Data=
=Test Data=
==Overview of tests==
==Overview of Tests==
Major portions of this section were adopted from Lizal ''et al.'' (2015). The positron emission
Major portions of this section were adopted from Lizal ''et al.'' (2015). The positron emission
tomography (PET) method provides the best spatial resolution
tomography (PET) method provides the best spatial resolution
Line 16: Line 16:
ation approach. The method, based on PET and fulfilling the above mentioned criteria,
ation approach. The method, based on PET and fulfilling the above mentioned criteria,
is presented in the following.
is presented in the following.
==The aerosol exposure precedure==
It is a common practice to coat the inner surface of the model7 especially when using solid
particles7 to prevent bouncing of the particles hitting the surface. Since we used liquid
di—ethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS) particles7 we did not need to coat the inner surface of the
model. Another reason for the coating is to prevent surface wetting. In our case the
exposure time was short (5 to 15 mins) and only small amounts of DEHS deposited on the
walls7 therefore the possible flooding of the surface was not an issue. Aerosol particles were
generated by a TSI 3475 Condensation Monodisperse Aerosol Generator (CMAG) from
TSI7 Inc.7 which works on the controlled heterogeneous condensation principle. Vapours of
a suitable material7 specifically DEHS7 condense by a controlled method on small sodium
Chloride particles serving as the condensation nuclei. The advantage of DEHS is that it is
not hydrophilic and does not evaporate7 resulting in a constant size of generated particles.
In a standard operating mode7 the generator can produce particles with aerodynamic
diameters within the 0.1 to 8pm range. The density of DEHS used for the experiments was
0.914 g/cm3 at 25 DC. Radioactive aerosol particles were needed for the PET measurement
of deposition. Therefore7 the solution in the atomizer of the generator had to be tagged
by a suitable radioactive substance. Fluorine 18 was the logical Choice of the positron
emitter7 being easily available at the cooperating PET center and possessing a suitable
half—life (109 minutes). A solution of fluorine 18 in the form of fluoride ions was prepared
by irradiation of H 2180 enriched water on an IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotron (irradiation time
25 min7 integrated irradiation current 11 MAh) at the UJV Rez7s PET Centre in Brno. The
irradiated water was transferred by a capillary transport system to a shielded dispensing
box7 where the fluorine 18 ions were captured on an ion—exchange resin (AG1—X87 BioRad)
column and subsequently eluted with 300 ml of 10% sodium Chloride solution7 followed by
1A ml of water for injection. The resulting solution was repeatedly diluted with water for
injection until the desired initial radioactivity was achieved. The CMAG was modified for
the deposition measurement by using PET so that the atomizer vessel was accommodated
in a protective lead container to shield ofl ionizing radiation. The atomizer was filled
with a sodium Chloride solution containing 18F at an initial activity of 2.5 GBq. The
concentration of sodium Chloride solution was 20 mg/L. The experimental rig is shown in
Figure 5.





Revision as of 11:23, 2 October 2019

Front Page

Description

Test Data

CFD Simulations

Evaluation

Best Practice Advice

Aerosol deposition in the human upper airways

Application Challenge AC7-01   © copyright ERCOFTAC 2019

Test Data

Overview of Tests

Major portions of this section were adopted from Lizal et al. (2015). The positron emission tomography (PET) method provides the best spatial resolution (among radiological methods). In addition to local deposition in the various sections, the deposition hot spots can also be evaluated. However, in comparison to the PET methodology, which is routinely applied to clinical examination, using this method in the in vitro design requires major modifications both in the aerosol preparation and, in particular, in the experiment evalu— ation approach. The method, based on PET and fulfilling the above mentioned criteria, is presented in the following.

The aerosol exposure precedure

It is a common practice to coat the inner surface of the model7 especially when using solid particles7 to prevent bouncing of the particles hitting the surface. Since we used liquid

di—ethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS) particles7 we did not need to coat the inner surface of the model. Another reason for the coating is to prevent surface wetting. In our case the exposure time was short (5 to 15 mins) and only small amounts of DEHS deposited on the walls7 therefore the possible flooding of the surface was not an issue. Aerosol particles were generated by a TSI 3475 Condensation Monodisperse Aerosol Generator (CMAG) from TSI7 Inc.7 which works on the controlled heterogeneous condensation principle. Vapours of a suitable material7 specifically DEHS7 condense by a controlled method on small sodium Chloride particles serving as the condensation nuclei. The advantage of DEHS is that it is not hydrophilic and does not evaporate7 resulting in a constant size of generated particles. In a standard operating mode7 the generator can produce particles with aerodynamic diameters within the 0.1 to 8pm range. The density of DEHS used for the experiments was 0.914 g/cm3 at 25 DC. Radioactive aerosol particles were needed for the PET measurement of deposition. Therefore7 the solution in the atomizer of the generator had to be tagged by a suitable radioactive substance. Fluorine 18 was the logical Choice of the positron emitter7 being easily available at the cooperating PET center and possessing a suitable half—life (109 minutes). A solution of fluorine 18 in the form of fluoride ions was prepared by irradiation of H 2180 enriched water on an IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotron (irradiation time 25 min7 integrated irradiation current 11 MAh) at the UJV Rez7s PET Centre in Brno. The irradiated water was transferred by a capillary transport system to a shielded dispensing box7 where the fluorine 18 ions were captured on an ion—exchange resin (AG1—X87 BioRad) column and subsequently eluted with 300 ml of 10% sodium Chloride solution7 followed by 1A ml of water for injection. The resulting solution was repeatedly diluted with water for injection until the desired initial radioactivity was achieved. The CMAG was modified for the deposition measurement by using PET so that the atomizer vessel was accommodated in a protective lead container to shield ofl ionizing radiation. The atomizer was filled with a sodium Chloride solution containing 18F at an initial activity of 2.5 GBq. The concentration of sodium Chloride solution was 20 mg/L. The experimental rig is shown in Figure 5.





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Evaluation

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© copyright ERCOFTAC 2019