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'''Application Challenge 2-08''' © copyright ERCOFTAC 2011 | '''Application Challenge 2-08''' © copyright ERCOFTAC 2011 | ||
== Introduction == | |||
The Tecflam configuration has been investigated by means of RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) and LES (Large Eddy Simulation). An overview will be presented in this section. Some details of the simulation program and the employed turbulence and combustion model will be given. In order to avoid an overload of information the interested reader is referred to the cited references for a detailed discussion. | The Tecflam configuration has been investigated by means of RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) and LES (Large Eddy Simulation). An overview will be presented in this section. Some details of the simulation program and the employed turbulence and combustion model will be given. In order to avoid an overload of information the interested reader is referred to the cited references for a detailed discussion. | ||
== Overview of Simulations == | |||
Since measurements of temperature and species mass fractions exist only for the 30 kW configuration only this case has been investigated by means of numerical simulations. The studies are summarized in table 4.1. | Since measurements of temperature and species mass fractions exist only for the 30 kW configuration only this case has been investigated by means of numerical simulations. The studies are summarized in table 4.1. | ||
< | {| border="1" | ||
|+ Table 4.1: Summary of simulations done of the 30 kW case. | |||
! scope="col" | | |||
! scope="col" | Isothermal (30iso), CFD-Code / Publication | |||
! scope="col" | Reacting (PSF-30), CFD-Code / Publication | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | RANS | |||
| FASTEST / Hahn et al.<ref name='hahn_investigation_2008'>F. Hahn, C. Olbricht, C. Klewer, G. Kuenne, R. Ohnutek, J. Janicka, in: Proc. of the ISTP19 (2008d).</ref> || Ansys CFX / Kuenne et al.<ref name='kuenne_cfx_2009'>G. Kuenne, C. Klewer, J. Janicka, ASME Turbo Expo Conf Proc (2009) 369-381.</ref> | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | LES | |||
| FASTEST / Hahn et al.<ref name='hahn_investigation_2008'> </ref>, FASTEST / Kuenne et al.<ref name='kuenne_les_2011'>G. Kuenne, A. Ketelheun, J. Janicka, Combustion Flame (2011), doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.005.</ref> | |||
| FASTEST / Kuenne et al.<ref name='kuenne_les_2011'> </ref> | |||
FASTEST / Kuenne et al.<ref name='kuenne_les_2011'> </ref> | |||
|} | |} | ||
== CFD Code == | |||
==== The Academic Solver FASTEST ==== | ==== The Academic Solver FASTEST ==== | ||
The three-dimensional finite volume code FASTEST uses block-structured, hexahedral, boundary fitted grids to represent complex geometries. Regarding the velocity, spatial discretization is based on multi-dimensional Taylor series expansion<ref name='lehnhaeuser_improved_2002'>T. Lehnhaeuser, M. Schaefer, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 38 (2002) 625–645.</ref> to ensure second order accuracy on arbitrary grids. To assure boundedness of scalar quantities the TVD-limiter suggested by Zhou et al.<ref name='zhou_transonic_1995'>G. Zhou, L. Davidson, E. Olsson, in: Fourteenth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, 1995, pp. 372–378.</ref> is used. Within LES an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme is used for the time advancement of momentum and species mass fractions with temperature dependent transport coefficients. The code solves the incompressible, variable density, Navier-Stokes equations where an equation for the pressure correction is solved within each Runge-Kutta stage to satisfy continuity. The solver is based on an ILU matrix decomposition and uses the strongly implicit procedure<ref name='stone_iterative_1968'>H.L. Stone, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 5 (1968) 530–558.</ref> to take advantage of the block-structure. | The three-dimensional finite volume code FASTEST<ref name='fastest_code'>F. Durst, M. Schaefer, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 549-565.</ref> uses block-structured, hexahedral, boundary fitted grids to represent complex geometries. Regarding the velocity, spatial discretization is based on multi-dimensional Taylor series expansion<ref name='lehnhaeuser_improved_2002'>T. Lehnhaeuser, M. Schaefer, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 38 (2002) 625–645.</ref> to ensure second order accuracy on arbitrary grids. To assure boundedness of scalar quantities the TVD-limiter suggested by Zhou et al.<ref name='zhou_transonic_1995'>G. Zhou, L. Davidson, E. Olsson, in: Fourteenth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, 1995, pp. 372–378.</ref> is used. Within LES an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme is used for the time advancement of momentum and species mass fractions with temperature dependent transport coefficients. The code solves the incompressible, variable density, Navier-Stokes equations where an equation for the pressure correction is solved within each Runge-Kutta stage to satisfy continuity. The solver is based on an ILU matrix decomposition and uses the strongly implicit procedure<ref name='stone_iterative_1968'>H.L. Stone, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 5 (1968) 530–558.</ref> to take advantage of the block-structure. | ||
==== The Commercial Solver ANSYS CFX ==== | ==== The Commercial Solver ANSYS CFX ==== | ||
ANSYS CFX | ANSYS CFX<ref name='ansys_code'>http://www.ansys.com/Products/Simulation+Technology/Fluid+Dynamics/ANSYS+CFX</ref> employs a conservative finite-element-based control volume method to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. The code supports unstructured meshes and the resulting system of equations is solved by a pressure-based algorithm. Since an extensive documentation exists for CFX a detailed description is omitted here. | ||
== Computational Domain, Spatial Discretization and Boundary Conditions == | |||
As illustrated in Fig. 4.1 and 4.2 the computational domain starts after the plenum chamber at the inlets of the tangential and radial channels. Here the mass flow given by the measurements has been set. No additional velocity fluctuation is forced | As illustrated in Fig. 4.1 and 4.2 the computational domain starts after the plenum chamber at the inlets of the tangential and radial channels. Here the mass flow given by the measurements has been set. Thereby the correct amount of swirl is realized by the partitioning of the overall mass flux onto the individual channels (more on that in the 'Evaluation' and 'Best Practice' section). No additional velocity fluctuation is forced since the inclusion of the geometry upstream of the nozzle exit has been found to be sufficient to allow the turbulent structures to form. The equivalence ratio has been set to <span class="math">ϕ </span><nowiki>= 0</nowiki><span class="math">.</span>83 at the inlet since the methane-air mixture has been verified by the measurements to be mixed homogeneously. The diameter of the computational domain matches the extent of the coflowing air issuing with 0.5m/s in the axial direction as given in the experiment. The boundaries in radial and axial direction have been found to be sufficiently far away from the region of interest (i.e. the swirler exit region). | ||
[[Image:swirler_mesh_scale.png|left|frame|Figure 4.1: Computational domain of the swirl nozzle. The blockstructure is indicated by the yellow block boundaries.]] | As will be outlined in the 'Evaluation' section different grids ranging from 0.8 million to 3 million control volumes have been used to perform a sensitivity study in the isothemal case. The grids have been elliptically smoothed to obtain a better orthogonality. The grids are refined towards the near nozzle region whereas it gets coarser with increasing distance to spare cells. Due to slower real time simulation progress and practical limitations with multiprocessor parallelization due to license costs CFX computation where only performed on the lowest grid resolution. | ||
[[Image:swirler_mesh_scale.png|left|frame|Figure 4.1: Computational domain of the swirl nozzle. The blockstructure is indicated by the yellow block boundaries. For visualization purpose the coarsest mesh with 0.8 million control volumes is shown.]] | |||
<br style='clear:both' /> | <br style='clear:both' /> | ||
[[Image: | [[Image:domain_skizze.png|left|frame|Figure 4.2: Dimensions of the computational domain. Boundary conditions are indicated by arrows.]] | ||
<br style='clear:both' /> | <br style='clear:both' /> | ||
==Physical Modeling == | |||
==== RANS Closure ==== | ==== RANS Closure ==== | ||
Within RANS the Reynolds stress tensor is modeled according to the standard k-ε model by | Within RANS the Reynolds stress tensor is modeled according to the standard k-ε model by Launder and Spalding<ref name='k-eps'> B. E. Launder and D. B. Spalding, The numerical computation of turbulent flows, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3 (1974) 269-289</ref>, following a Boussinesq approximation where the turbulent viscosity is expressed dependent on the turbulent kinetic energy (k) and the dissipation rate (ε). FASTEST uses a flux blending to combine 1st order upwind with the 2nd order central differencing scheme. Within CFX the high resolution scheme has been used which combines 1st and 2nd order discretization along the border of stability. Wall functions are employed in both codes to bridge the laminar layer. | ||
==== LES Closure ==== | ==== LES Closure ==== | ||
Within the LES carried out with FASTEST the sub grid fluxes of momentum are accounted for by the eddy viscosity approach proposed by Smagorinsky<ref name='smagorinsky_general_1963'>J. Smagorinsky, Monthly Weather Rev. 91 (1963) 99–164</ref> where the model coefficient is obtained by the dynamic procedure of Germano et al.<ref name='germano_dynamic_1991'>M. Germano, U. Piomelli, P. Moin, W.H. Cabot, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 3 (1991) 1760–1765.</ref> with a modification by Lilly<ref name='lilly_proposed_1992'>D.K. Lilly, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 4 (1992) 633–635.</ref>. Outside of the reaction zone a gradient approach has been chosen for the sub grid flux of scalar quantities with a turbulent Schmidt number of 0.7. | Within the LES carried out with FASTEST the sub grid fluxes of momentum are accounted for by the eddy viscosity approach proposed by Smagorinsky<ref name='smagorinsky_general_1963'>J. Smagorinsky, Monthly Weather Rev. 91 (1963) 99–164</ref> where the model coefficient is obtained by the dynamic procedure of Germano et al.<ref name='germano_dynamic_1991'>M. Germano, U. Piomelli, P. Moin, W.H. Cabot, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 3 (1991) 1760–1765.</ref> with a modification by Lilly<ref name='lilly_proposed_1992'>D.K. Lilly, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 4 (1992) 633–635.</ref>. Outside of the reaction zone a gradient approach has been chosen for the sub grid flux of scalar quantities with a turbulent Schmidt number of 0.7. No special wall treatment is included in the sub-grid scale model. The approach relies on the dynamic procedure to reproduce the correct asymptotic behavior of the turbulent flow near the wall. | ||
==== Combustion Modeling ==== | ==== Combustion Modeling ==== | ||
For the RANS simulations done with ANSYS CFX the implemented Turbulent Flame Speed Closure (TFC) model has been used. It is based on an | For the RANS simulations done with ANSYS CFX the implemented Turbulent Flame Speed Closure (TFC) model has been used. It is based on an transport equation for the reaction progress and the mixture fraction to account for the chemical reaction and mixing with the coflowing air respectively. To close the chemical source term the correlation to express the turbulent flame speed in terms of turbulent scales developed by Zimont<ref name='zimont_1979'>V. L. Zimont, Zimont, V. L., 1979. “Theory of Turbulent Combustion of a Homogeneous Fuel Mixture at high Reynolds Numbers”. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 15(3) (1979), pp. 23–32.</ref> has been used and the sensitivity related to its model coefficient has been investigated (see the Evaluation section). | ||
Within the LES simulations done with FASTES the | Within the LES simulations done with FASTES combustion is described by means of tabulated chemistry coupled with the thickened flame approach<ref name='butler_numerical_1977'>T. Butler, P. O’Rourke, Symposium (International) on Combustion 16 (1977) 1503–1515.</ref><ref name='orourke_two_1979'>P.J. O’Rourke, F.V. Bracco, Journal of Computational Physics 33 (1979) 185–203.</ref><ref name='angelberger_large_1998'>C. Angelberger, D. Veynante, F. Egolfopoulos, T. Poinsot, in: Proceedings of the Summer Program 1998, Center for Turbulence Research, pp. 61–82.</ref><ref name='colin_thickened_2000'>O. Colin, F. Ducros, D. Veynante, T. Poinsot, Physics of Fluids 12 (2000) 1843–1863.</ref><ref name='charlette_power-law_2002'>F. Charlette, C. Meneveau, D. Veynante, Combustion and Flame 131 (2002) 159–180.</ref>. The method introduced very recently<ref name='kuenne_les_2011'> </ref> uses a two-dimensional table to describe the physical situation of mixing and chemical reaction within the burner. As suggested in the framework of FGM (flamelet generated manifolds)<ref name='van_oijen_modelling_2000'> J.A. van Oijen, L.P.H. de Goey, Combustion Science and Technology 161 (2000) 113–137.</ref><ref name='van_oijen_modeling_2001'>J.A. van Oijen, F.A. Lammers, L.P.H. de Goey, Combustion and Flame 127 (2001) 2124–2134.</ref>, the table generation is based on the simulation of one-dimensional freely propagating premixed flames using the detailed chemistry code Chem1D<ref name='chem1d'>Chem1D, A one-dimensional laminar flame code, developed at Eindhoven University of Technology, ''www.combustion.tue.n1/chem1d''.</ref> which are repeated for different equivalence ratios to span a two-dimensional manifold that are parameterized by the mixture fraction and the CO2 mass fraction as progress variable as shown in Fig. 4.3. Details about the method and its verification can be found in Kuenne et al.<ref name='kuenne_les_2011'> </ref>. | ||
[[Image:temp_co2_f_red.png|left|frame|Figure 4.3: Two-dimensional manifold of a methane-air flame defined by two controlling variables showing the source term of carbon dioxide ( kg/m³s ) colored with the temperature ( K )<ref name='ketelheun_fgm_2009'>A. Ketelheun, C. Olbricht, F. Hahn, J. Janicka, in: ASME Turbo Expo Conf. Proc., 2009, pp. 695–705.</ref>.]] | |||
<br style='clear:both' /> | |||
== References == | |||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
Latest revision as of 15:38, 11 February 2017
Premixed Methane-Air Swirl Burner (TECFLAM)
Application Challenge 2-08 © copyright ERCOFTAC 2011
Introduction
The Tecflam configuration has been investigated by means of RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes) and LES (Large Eddy Simulation). An overview will be presented in this section. Some details of the simulation program and the employed turbulence and combustion model will be given. In order to avoid an overload of information the interested reader is referred to the cited references for a detailed discussion.
Overview of Simulations
Since measurements of temperature and species mass fractions exist only for the 30 kW configuration only this case has been investigated by means of numerical simulations. The studies are summarized in table 4.1.
| Isothermal (30iso), CFD-Code / Publication | Reacting (PSF-30), CFD-Code / Publication | |
|---|---|---|
| RANS | FASTEST / Hahn et al.[1] | Ansys CFX / Kuenne et al.[2] |
| LES | FASTEST / Hahn et al.[1], FASTEST / Kuenne et al.[3] | FASTEST / Kuenne et al.[3] |
CFD Code
The Academic Solver FASTEST
The three-dimensional finite volume code FASTEST[4] uses block-structured, hexahedral, boundary fitted grids to represent complex geometries. Regarding the velocity, spatial discretization is based on multi-dimensional Taylor series expansion[5] to ensure second order accuracy on arbitrary grids. To assure boundedness of scalar quantities the TVD-limiter suggested by Zhou et al.[6] is used. Within LES an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme is used for the time advancement of momentum and species mass fractions with temperature dependent transport coefficients. The code solves the incompressible, variable density, Navier-Stokes equations where an equation for the pressure correction is solved within each Runge-Kutta stage to satisfy continuity. The solver is based on an ILU matrix decomposition and uses the strongly implicit procedure[7] to take advantage of the block-structure.
The Commercial Solver ANSYS CFX
ANSYS CFX[8] employs a conservative finite-element-based control volume method to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. The code supports unstructured meshes and the resulting system of equations is solved by a pressure-based algorithm. Since an extensive documentation exists for CFX a detailed description is omitted here.
Computational Domain, Spatial Discretization and Boundary Conditions
As illustrated in Fig. 4.1 and 4.2 the computational domain starts after the plenum chamber at the inlets of the tangential and radial channels. Here the mass flow given by the measurements has been set. Thereby the correct amount of swirl is realized by the partitioning of the overall mass flux onto the individual channels (more on that in the 'Evaluation' and 'Best Practice' section). No additional velocity fluctuation is forced since the inclusion of the geometry upstream of the nozzle exit has been found to be sufficient to allow the turbulent structures to form. The equivalence ratio has been set to ϕ = 0.83 at the inlet since the methane-air mixture has been verified by the measurements to be mixed homogeneously. The diameter of the computational domain matches the extent of the coflowing air issuing with 0.5m/s in the axial direction as given in the experiment. The boundaries in radial and axial direction have been found to be sufficiently far away from the region of interest (i.e. the swirler exit region).
As will be outlined in the 'Evaluation' section different grids ranging from 0.8 million to 3 million control volumes have been used to perform a sensitivity study in the isothemal case. The grids have been elliptically smoothed to obtain a better orthogonality. The grids are refined towards the near nozzle region whereas it gets coarser with increasing distance to spare cells. Due to slower real time simulation progress and practical limitations with multiprocessor parallelization due to license costs CFX computation where only performed on the lowest grid resolution.
Physical Modeling
RANS Closure
Within RANS the Reynolds stress tensor is modeled according to the standard k-ε model by Launder and Spalding[9], following a Boussinesq approximation where the turbulent viscosity is expressed dependent on the turbulent kinetic energy (k) and the dissipation rate (ε). FASTEST uses a flux blending to combine 1st order upwind with the 2nd order central differencing scheme. Within CFX the high resolution scheme has been used which combines 1st and 2nd order discretization along the border of stability. Wall functions are employed in both codes to bridge the laminar layer.
LES Closure
Within the LES carried out with FASTEST the sub grid fluxes of momentum are accounted for by the eddy viscosity approach proposed by Smagorinsky[10] where the model coefficient is obtained by the dynamic procedure of Germano et al.[11] with a modification by Lilly[12]. Outside of the reaction zone a gradient approach has been chosen for the sub grid flux of scalar quantities with a turbulent Schmidt number of 0.7. No special wall treatment is included in the sub-grid scale model. The approach relies on the dynamic procedure to reproduce the correct asymptotic behavior of the turbulent flow near the wall.
Combustion Modeling
For the RANS simulations done with ANSYS CFX the implemented Turbulent Flame Speed Closure (TFC) model has been used. It is based on an transport equation for the reaction progress and the mixture fraction to account for the chemical reaction and mixing with the coflowing air respectively. To close the chemical source term the correlation to express the turbulent flame speed in terms of turbulent scales developed by Zimont[13] has been used and the sensitivity related to its model coefficient has been investigated (see the Evaluation section).
Within the LES simulations done with FASTES combustion is described by means of tabulated chemistry coupled with the thickened flame approach[14][15][16][17][18]. The method introduced very recently[3] uses a two-dimensional table to describe the physical situation of mixing and chemical reaction within the burner. As suggested in the framework of FGM (flamelet generated manifolds)[19][20], the table generation is based on the simulation of one-dimensional freely propagating premixed flames using the detailed chemistry code Chem1D[21] which are repeated for different equivalence ratios to span a two-dimensional manifold that are parameterized by the mixture fraction and the CO2 mass fraction as progress variable as shown in Fig. 4.3. Details about the method and its verification can be found in Kuenne et al.[3].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 F. Hahn, C. Olbricht, C. Klewer, G. Kuenne, R. Ohnutek, J. Janicka, in: Proc. of the ISTP19 (2008d).
- ↑ G. Kuenne, C. Klewer, J. Janicka, ASME Turbo Expo Conf Proc (2009) 369-381.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 G. Kuenne, A. Ketelheun, J. Janicka, Combustion Flame (2011), doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.005.
- ↑ F. Durst, M. Schaefer, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 22 (1996) 549-565.
- ↑ T. Lehnhaeuser, M. Schaefer, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 38 (2002) 625–645.
- ↑ G. Zhou, L. Davidson, E. Olsson, in: Fourteenth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics, 1995, pp. 372–378.
- ↑ H.L. Stone, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 5 (1968) 530–558.
- ↑ http://www.ansys.com/Products/Simulation+Technology/Fluid+Dynamics/ANSYS+CFX
- ↑ B. E. Launder and D. B. Spalding, The numerical computation of turbulent flows, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3 (1974) 269-289
- ↑ J. Smagorinsky, Monthly Weather Rev. 91 (1963) 99–164
- ↑ M. Germano, U. Piomelli, P. Moin, W.H. Cabot, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 3 (1991) 1760–1765.
- ↑ D.K. Lilly, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 4 (1992) 633–635.
- ↑ V. L. Zimont, Zimont, V. L., 1979. “Theory of Turbulent Combustion of a Homogeneous Fuel Mixture at high Reynolds Numbers”. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, 15(3) (1979), pp. 23–32.
- ↑ T. Butler, P. O’Rourke, Symposium (International) on Combustion 16 (1977) 1503–1515.
- ↑ P.J. O’Rourke, F.V. Bracco, Journal of Computational Physics 33 (1979) 185–203.
- ↑ C. Angelberger, D. Veynante, F. Egolfopoulos, T. Poinsot, in: Proceedings of the Summer Program 1998, Center for Turbulence Research, pp. 61–82.
- ↑ O. Colin, F. Ducros, D. Veynante, T. Poinsot, Physics of Fluids 12 (2000) 1843–1863.
- ↑ F. Charlette, C. Meneveau, D. Veynante, Combustion and Flame 131 (2002) 159–180.
- ↑ J.A. van Oijen, L.P.H. de Goey, Combustion Science and Technology 161 (2000) 113–137.
- ↑ J.A. van Oijen, F.A. Lammers, L.P.H. de Goey, Combustion and Flame 127 (2001) 2124–2134.
- ↑ Chem1D, A one-dimensional laminar flame code, developed at Eindhoven University of Technology, www.combustion.tue.n1/chem1d.
- ↑ A. Ketelheun, C. Olbricht, F. Hahn, J. Janicka, in: ASME Turbo Expo Conf. Proc., 2009, pp. 695–705.
Contributors: Guido Kuenne (EKT), Andreas Dreizler (RSM), Johannes Janicka (EKT)
EKT: Institute of Energy and Power Plant Technology, Darmstadt University of Technology
RSM: Institute Reactive Flows and Diagnostics, Center of Smart Interfaces, Darmstadt University of Technology